The wooden synagogue "Baal Sem Tov" in Piatra Neamt is considered the oldest synagogue in Romania, and possibly in southeastern Europe.

The synagogue bears witness to the large Jewish community that existed in this city since the Middle Ages, with a stone dating back to 1627 found in the Jewish cemetery.

The current building was erected on the site of an older one, based on the charter of July 19, 1766, signed by Prince Grigore III Ghica. The old synagogue was made of stone, but from the beginning of the 18th century, only wooden synagogues were allowed to be built. 

According to researchers, the first synagogue in Piatra-Neamț was built in the 15th century, during the reign of Stephen the Great. A local legend says that in the 16th century, Prince Petru Rareș was hidden by Jews in the synagogue while fleeing from the Turks.

The synagogue is 5 meters high and is practically built halfway into the ground. The interior has two floors and contains the ark, made in 1835, which houses 14 Torah scrolls. It is carved in wood and has three levels, richly coloured and decorated, as well as a basket of fruit, symbolising the sacrifices made in the Temple in Jerusalem. In the middle of the synagogue is the Bima, the podium on which stands the lectern from which the Torah is read. The altar, gilded with gold, is 250 years old.

The synagogue bears the name of Baal Shem Tov, the founder of Hasidism, a movement that claimed that anyone could enter into communion with God.

Legend has it that Baal Shem Tov would retreat to Mount Ceahlău to pray and return on the Sabbath to the synagogue in Piatra Neamț.